Learning psychology changes deep-rooted beliefs about the nature of psychological phenomena: Effects on intuitive dualism and beliefs about science

Abstract

Learning about certain disciplines can change students’ way of thinking (e.g., economy students become less cooperative, philosophy students become more reflective). We explore whether studying psychology affects students’ beliefs about whether certain psychological phenomena can be explained by science, and whether they stem from a material (brain) or immaterial (soul) basis. A total of 315 psychology students at different levels into their studies (i.e., Years 1–5 of training) and 62 age-matched controls were considered. Participants provided fast and slow ratings about whether psychological phenomena stem from the brain vs. soul, as well as scientific explainability ratings. Finally, their knowledge about psychology was assessed. Training in psychology (years of training) was associated with higher beliefs that psychological phenomena are explainable by science, and that they stem from the brain (even when those beliefs were probed with fast responses), but only when that training translated into greater knowledge of psychology. That is, exposure to psychology per se did not seem to affect beliefs about psychology as a science and psychological phenomena are brain-based; only when participants gained sound knowledge of psychology (which most tended to accrue in their training) did their beliefs about psychological phenomena change. Finally, we found that the more participants considered a psychological phenomenon to be brain-based, the more it was considered to be scientifically explainable.Implications for recent debates about whether practice alone is sufficient for expertise development (e.g., 10,000 h rule) are discussed.

Francisco Cruz

Invited Assistant Professor

Francisco Cruz is an invited assistant professor in psychology, statistics, and methods at the Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, and Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Europeia. Junior Consulting Editor at the Journal of European Social Psychology, 2025-present. Social Psychology Ph.D. on lay beliefs about science, supervised by Prof. André Mata (Universidade de Lisboa) and Prof. Tania Lombrozo (Princeton University), 2022-2025. Visiting Student Research Collaborator at Princeton University, 2023-2024. Society for General Psychology and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Fulbright Portugal, and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia awardee. His research interests include lay beliefs about science (i.e., what people believe that science can or cannot explain and why), motivated beliefs in science (i.e., the contexts in which people are more prone to accepting scientific explanations), representation of social groups (i.e., how people integrate information to provide judgments on shared homogeneity vs. heterogeneity across group members), epistemic trespassing (i.e., when people provide judgments on domains beyond those in which they are experts), intuitive mind-body dualism (i.e., a natural tendency to see the world as split in material and immaterial portions), and face perception (i.e., features driving the advantage in recall for own- vs. other-race faces).